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Fertility and Sterility and Asociación Mexicana de Medicina Reproductiva (AMMR) in Tulum, Mexico

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Experts discuss chaotic embryo classification, PGT-A rebiopsy outcomes, embryo quality, biopsy techniques, and transfer protocols for mosaic embryos.

Article discussed:


Author:
Antonio M. Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, M.D.

Discussants:
  • Dr. Tamar Alkon
  • Dr. Carlos Hernandez Nieto
  • Dr. Jose Alfonso Gutierrez Frusch
  • Dr. Alejandro Sánchez Aranda

Fertility and Sterility Mderator:
J. Ricado Loret de Mola, MD

Este es el Journal Club Global de Fertilidad y Esterilidad. Este año, por primera vez, presentamos un artículo de un autor mexicano para comentarlo con ustedes. Considero que es un artículo muy relevante para el manejo actual de pacientes a quienes se les realiza PGT para detectar aneuploidías.

El artículo se titula "Blastocistos en PGT-A: Prevalencia, Características y Resultados de Rebiopsias". Es del Dr. Antonio Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, de León, Guadalajara. Por lo tanto, creo que es importante destacar y dar cabida a estas discusiones sobre artículos realizados en Latinoamérica, en particular en México, porque en México se hace buena ciencia y creo que el mundo también debería conocerla.

Ahora tenemos al Dr. Antonio Gutiérrez, quien, como saben, es cirujano mexicano, de León, Guadalajara. Es director del Instituto VIDA de León, Guadalajara, y tiene varias oficinas en todo México. También tenemos a Tamar Alkon, cirujana de la Universidad Anáhuac.

Trabaja como directora asociada de investigación clínica en RMA México. Contamos con Carlos Alberto Hernández Nieto, cirujano de San Luis Potosí, quien actualmente trabaja en Nueva York como especialista en biología de la reproducción humana en Reproductive Medicine Associates de Nueva York. Alejandro Sánchez Aranda, cirujano mexicano, trabaja en la Ciudad de México y es cofundador de Anhela Fertilidad.

Creo que ya trabajas en Mérida, ¿verdad? Porque antes estabas en la Ciudad de México. Ahora eres yucateco como yo. Nos falta uno.

No, nos falta uno. Bueno, continuemos. Preséntese, por favor.

Soy el Dr. Gutiérrez. Soy Director de Medicina Integral de Fertilidad. También soy Biólogo de la Reproducción en México.

Muchas gracias, Dr. Gutiérrez. Muy bien. Comencemos con la presentación del artículo, a cargo de la Dra. Tamar, y luego continuaremos con la discusión del artículo con el Dr. Carlos Hernández Nieto.

¿Lo tienes, Tamar? Se está presentando. Tenemos algunos problemas técnicos. Ya tenemos el segundo problema técnico.

El segundo problema técnico. Buenas tardes a todos. Gracias al Dr. Loret de Mola por la introducción.

Hoy hablaremos sobre los embriones caóticos, principalmente sobre su prevalencia, su caracterización y los resultados de la rebiopsia. Como sabemos, cuando se informa un diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, se puede indicar que el embrión es euploide, aneuploide o mosaico. Y cuando se informa que es un embrión aneuploide, se puede indicar que es caótico.

Esto significa que presenta cinco o más aneuploidías en el resultado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio será determinar la prevalencia de estos blastocistos caóticos, caracterizar la población de blastocistos caóticos como aneuploidías uniformes, aneuploidías de número intermedio o una combinación de ambas, y evaluar las tasas de concordancia de una rebiopsia de estos embriones. Como material y métodos, este estudio fue retrospectivo e incluyó 1442 ciclos de diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, realizados en 22 clínicas de fertilidad entre noviembre de 2017 y diciembre de 2023.

Se analizaron 5801 embriones. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a PGT-A con al menos un blastocisto biopsiado. Se excluyeron todos los pacientes con diagnóstico genético por reorganizaciones estructurales y enfermedades monogénicas. Cuando se reportó un embrión caótico, se describió como caótico puro (aneuploidías uniformes puras), caótico mixto (aneuploidías uniformes e intermedias) y caótico en mosaico.

En total, de los 5801 blastocistos analizados, se reportó un 4,3% de blastocistos caóticos, de los cuales el 13,5% fueron puros, el 53% mixtos y el 33,5% mosaicos. De estos, 93 embriones fueron donados para rebiopsia, el 74% sobrevivió a la biopsia y un total de 17 embriones fueron reportados como euploides, lo que corresponde al 24,6%. En esta gráfica, también podemos observar cómo, en pacientes de mayor edad, se observó un mayor número de embriones caóticos, principalmente aquellos mayores de 40 años, al clasificar los embriones por su calidad. Asimismo, los embriones de baja calidad fueron los que arrojaron más resultados caóticos, y el día de la biopsia, también los embriones biopsiados el día 7, fueron los que tuvieron más resultados caóticos. Y aquí en esta gráfica podemos ver como los embriones mosaico caótico fueron los que lograron obtener un resultado euploide en la re-biopsia.

El resto de los embriones mostraron una concordancia muy significativa con los resultados, y todos presentaron aneuploidías. Bien, tras la presentación del Dr. Alkon, entremos en el debate. En resumen, los autores de este artículo comienzan diciendo que existe la idea de que los embriones caóticos, o la creencia general, son los que tienen el menor potencial reproductivo.

¿Quién lo informa? Existen estudios que contrastan con los autores, y todos estos datos han demostrado que entre el 29 % y el 44 % de estos embriones, al ser reevaluados, pueden considerarse euploides. Por lo tanto, los autores de este estudio afirman que, basándose en estos hallazgos, es imperativo conocer qué tipos de alteraciones presentan estos embriones caóticos para poder caracterizarlos. Su estudio nos proporcionará datos fiables o importantes sobre el posible origen de estas anomalías y posibles explicaciones sobre los resultados euploides obtenidos en estas rebiopsias.

Por lo tanto, una de las hipótesis que se plantean en este estudio es que el número intermedio de estas copias podría ser consecuencia de un auténtico mosaicismo. Es posible que estemos introduciendo algo de ruido con la biopsia de células apoptóticas o la inclusión de fragmentos celulares. La alteración podría deberse al número limitado de células biopsiadas para que el PGT sea una nueva causa de contaminación, o también podría considerarse que podrían ser la causa de una célula de amplificación. Por lo tanto, entre los principales hallazgos, como señaló el Dr. Alkon, el objetivo principal de los autores fue demostrar la prevalencia.

Encontraron un 4,3 %. En su discusión, los autores mencionan que existen otros informes con una incidencia ligeramente menor, como el estudio de Walter Sen, que encontró un 2,5 %. Los propios autores, y quizás más adelante con el Dr. Gutiérrez, hablan de la posible diferencia en la metodología utilizada para la secuenciación y el análisis del PGT-A. En el caso del estudio de Walter, utilizaron FAST-Seq-S, y en este caso, el Ion Reproject. Otro objetivo del estudio fue identificar lo que les llamó la atención: la tasa de supervivencia fue de tan solo el 74,2 %, ligeramente inferior a la reportada en otros centros o con otros tipos de embriones.

Y bien, esto tiene una posible relación entre la calidad de los embriones que se analizan y se muestran por primera vez como caóticos, y la prevalencia de estos hallazgos. En otras palabras, existe una relación entre la calidad embrionaria y las posibilidades de diagnóstico de embriones caóticos. Otro hallazgo, como mencionó el Dr. Alkon, es que observaron que la mayor prevalencia de embriones caóticos se encontró en pacientes mayores de 42 años, una prevalencia de 10,1 en este grupo, y que esto no se correlacionó directamente con lo que esperamos en aneuploidías complejas, que sabemos que en los últimos grupos de SART debe aumentar con la edad materna.

Existe una mayor proporción de embriones de menor calidad en este grupo. Por ejemplo, observaron que los de buena calidad representaban solo el 2,9% y los de mala calidad, en contraste con el 5,5%, lo cual es significativo. Además, sus hallazgos mostraron que el día de la biopsia no tuvo significancia estadística, aunque se observó que el día 7, que es uno de los aspectos que analizaremos más adelante, existía cierta tendencia a un aumento, una prevalencia. Otro hallazgo importante es que, como explicó el Dr. Alkon, estos embriones rebiopsiados mostraron que, específicamente en el grupo de mosaicos caóticos, el 24,6% se documentó en la rebiopsia como embriones euploides.

Como en otros informes publicados, y como mencioné anteriormente, las tasas son más bajas, pero los autores comentan que en estos estudios referenciados, el tamaño de la muestra fue menor, lo que podría explicar estas diferencias. Profundizando en los resultados específicos, observamos que los caóticos puros se correlacionaron o presentaron los mismos euploides, hasta en un 72,7 %. En el caso de los caóticos mixtos, el 45 % fueron aneuploides no caóticos, y el resto fueron caóticos mixtos.

Con base en estos hallazgos, los autores recomiendan o generan la hipótesis de que no conviene rebiopsiar este tipo de embrión, específicamente los caóticos puros o mixtos, ya que el resultado se correlaciona con la rebiopsia. En los mosaicos caóticos, el grupo de mayor interés, encontraron que en casi la mitad de los casos, el resultado de la rebiopsia fue euploide, y en el resto se correlacionó. Como pueden ver, algunos resultaron ser mosaicos no caóticos, otros mosaicos caóticos y otros aneuploides totales. Aquí es donde generan otra hipótesis.

Probablemente, lo que observamos específicamente aquí es que podría tratarse de un artefacto de la tecnología de amplificación y explicar por qué los posibles embriones mosaico transferidos, según los registros de la charla del Dr. Biotti, hasta la fecha de los que potencialmente se implantaron, quizá no eran mosaicos, sino embriones euploides. Por lo tanto, al final del estudio, los autores mencionan que se puede considerar la rebiopsia de blastocistos con mosaicos caóticos, especialmente cuando se trata de las últimas opciones de embriones que nuestros pacientes tienen en su arsenal o de los que han generado mediante tratamientos de reproducción asistida. Pero, bueno, primero debemos comprender el concepto de estos embriones, comprender cuáles presentan alguna complicación potencial y cuáles pueden convertirse en un artefacto de la tecnología actual para el PGT-A.

Bueno, empecemos ahora con los ponentes y el autor, que es el mejor ejercicio, porque tenemos la información de primera mano. Y, bueno, veamos si alguien del público quiere empezar con una pregunta o si el doctor nos va a guiar. Muchas gracias, doctor.

Como la mayoría de la audiencia no son genetistas, no sé si alguno de ustedes quiera explicar las diferencias entre los tres tipos de embriones caóticos (caótico puro, mixto y mosaico) para que la gente realmente comprenda el problema. No sé quién es usted, Dr. Gutiérrez. Si quiere, empiezo yo, doctor.

Buenas tardes a todos. Gracias por estar aquí. Gracias a Fertilidad y Esterilidad por este foro.

Bueno, es importante mencionar que no existe una clasificación para los embriones caóticos. Proponemos esta clasificación, y por eso me atrevo a decir: clasificamos tres tipos según la observación de sus patrones.

Estos son analizados por Next Generation. Es importante recordar esto. Pudimos observar el caos puro, cuando las alteraciones cromosómicas eran uniformes, es decir, básicamente cromosomas de origen mediótico, es decir, existía una monosomía o trisomía completa.

Posteriormente, se encontraron embriones caóticos mixtos con alteraciones completas, pero también embriones mosaico, es decir, con un número de copias intermedias, embriones con un número variable de copias intermedias, y embriones mosaico donde todas las alteraciones eran mosaico. Estos tres son los que proponemos para la clasificación, ya que observamos que se comportan de manera diferente. Muchas gracias, doctor.

No sé si tiene algún comentario, Dr. Gutiérrez. Ante todo, muchas gracias por la invitación. Felicitaciones por el artículo.

Creo que esta es la mayor limitación del artículo. En mi opinión, la falta de una definición clara de esta nueva nomenclatura que propone, ya que carece de un proceso claro de definición de cómo se ejecutará la NGS. Al leer el artículo, no encontré la clasificación. Para mí, una definición importante es cómo clasificaremos, ya que el artículo recomienda que los embriones mosaico (mosaicos caóticos) se rebiopsien. Sin embargo, la interpretación de esa información, su definición y su estructura dentro del artículo generan cierta controversia, ya que, al contactar con los embriólogos o con la forma en que nos informan (actualmente el PGT-A), no tenemos muchas maneras de acceder a esa información para poder discernir los tres grupos propuestos.

Obviamente, quien brinda el servicio es quien diagnostica tu embrión y te indica los tipos de alteraciones. Si tienes un embrión caótico y solo te lo colocan en un embrión caótico, hoy en mi clínica, pregunto: "¿Cómo es este embrión caótico? ¿Es puro? Bien. ¿Es mixto o mosaico?". Así es como lo hacemos.

Podemos tener los perfiles de los embriones, ya que realizamos el estudio. Si alguien en su consultorio no tiene estos perfiles, porque envía la información a un proveedor de PGT-A, entonces podría solicitar el tipo de perfil del embrión para ver cuál de estos caóticos es. Eso es básicamente todo.

Hoy recibes un diagnóstico de embrión caótico y se acabó. Así que tienes que determinar el tipo, porque, como veremos, obviamente los caóticos en mosaico tienen una alta probabilidad de ser embriones euploides. Ahí es donde cambias.

Es el único embrión, o no tiene embriones euploides, y se forma un mosaico caótico. Hoy les vamos a hacer otra biopsia. Doctor, ¿ha transferido alguno de estos embriones rebiopsiados y los ha hecho nacer vivos? Bueno, no los hemos transferido.

De estos 93 embriones donados, teníamos 17 euploides que no se han transferido. Estamos rebiopsiando nuevos embriones, lo cual ya es caótico debido a estos hallazgos, y ya tenemos algunos euploides que estamos a punto de transferir. No hemos transferido estos embriones, pero consideramos que es posible.

De hecho, hay un artículo, bueno, una comunicación en el Congreso Americano de 2024 en Palmore, donde se menciona la transferencia de dos euploides, uno de un embarazo interrumpido y el otro de un aborto, un embarazo interrumpido. Entonces, bueno, hay nacimientos de este tipo de embriones. ¿Y usted cree, doctor, que la plataforma utilizada para la evaluación de embriones tiene algo que ver con este tipo de resultados? Sí, evidentemente la plataforma será un aspecto importante, dependiendo de la técnica que utilice.

Por ejemplo, hablando de embriones mosaico, sabemos que con Next Generation tenemos esta incidencia de embriones mosaico, y si nos centramos en mosaicos más complejos, caóticos, con cinco o seis alteraciones del mismo. Por lo tanto, se dice que podría deberse a este ruido generado por el ADN degenerado, al aspirar fragmentos del mismo embrión en la biopsia, aspectos de la técnica y la aspiración de aceite durante la biopsia. Estos aspectos se manifiestan con Next Generation.

Evidentemente, al utilizar otra tecnología, como los arrays de SNP, esto disminuirá considerablemente. No sé si alguno de ustedes quiere comentar lo que dijo el doctor. La única pregunta que quería hacer es, normalmente, en el informe que genera su laboratorio, en caso de que se identifique algo caótico, ¿se proporciona la especificación o el centro debe solicitar más información para tomar esa decisión? Ahora estamos dando la información completa, es decir, le estamos diciendo al director del centro que nos envía los embriones: doctor, si este es un embrión caótico, es puro, quizás no recomendemos la biopsia.

Si publican esa información. Sí, la publicamos, porque soy médico clínico, no genetista, y a veces lograr un embrión biopsiado es un logro, y si se obtiene un embrión caótico, obviamente hay que darle a la paciente la mayor probabilidad. Doctor, el día de la biopsia, ya sea el quinto, sexto o séptimo día, ¿afecta la tasa de embriones caóticos? Sí, en nuestro estudio, seguramente por razones numéricas, no se demostró significancia estadística; sin embargo, hay un gráfico muy significativo donde en los embriones de día 7 hay un mayor porcentaje de embriones caóticos, pero sin significancia estadística, sino una tendencia.

Evidentemente, a medida que se añadan más casos, seguramente se obtendrán resultados, ya que los embriones caóticos están estrechamente relacionados con la calidad embrionaria. Cuanto menor sea la calidad embrionaria, mayor será la incidencia de embriones caóticos, quizás debido a la generación de estos restos apoptóticos o a la generación de estos fragmentos en los embriones que se aspiran. Es decir, cualquier degradación del ADN podría generar estos embriones caóticos. Por lo tanto, en el día 7, en general, tenemos embriones de menor calidad que en los días 5 y 6, y también una mayor incidencia de embriones caóticos.

Cuando hablamos solo de embriones de calidad, obtuvimos una significancia estadística: los embriones de baja calidad tienen una mayor incidencia de embriones caóticos. Esto se relaciona con la baja calidad, que es más frecuente en el día 7; sin embargo, hubo menos embriones en ese día. Normalmente, el número de embriones que llegan a la biopsia en el día 7 es mucho menor que el de los días 5 y 6, por lo que no es significativo. No sé si podríamos desactivar la transparencia para ver mejor a los médicos en sus comentarios.

¿Sería posible? De lo contrario, no se ve bien en el video. Abrimos la puerta a preguntas del público. No sé si alguno de ustedes tiene algún comentario, Dr. Papier.

Doctor, sería tan amable de presentarse para que el público sepa quién es. Sergio Papier de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Buenas tardes, buenos días.

Bueno, Antonio, enhorabuena por la publicación. Obviamente, el artefacto, digamos, es un problema presente en esta situación, que puede ocurrir durante todo el proceso, desde la biopsia, el aislamiento del ADN, la amplificación y la secuenciación. Si entiendo bien, cuando los embriones provienen de diferentes centros, se biopsian de forma distinta por distintos biólogos, pero luego se vuelven a biopsiar en el mismo lugar, con la misma técnica.

Parece que hay un artefacto relacionado con la biopsia. No sé si lo ha considerado. Sí, lo ha considerado, Dr. Papier.

Básicamente, el número total de embriones proviene de 22 centros. De hecho, solo del total de 250 embriones caóticos, se descongelaron 93. Para intentar eliminar este sesgo, solo dos clínicas descongelaron sus embriones mosaico: la clínica de León, Guadalajara, y la clínica de Tijuana.

Ambos son del Instituto Vida y teníamos mayor control sobre ellos. En otras palabras, el porcentaje total de embriones caóticos lo proporcionan todos los centros que nos envían embriones, que es ese 4,3 que consideramos alto. Pero los embriones que descongelamos y rebiopsiamos fueron rebiopsiados por los mismos embriólogos, quienes tenían una amplia experiencia.

Dado que esto puede generar embriones caóticos, también puede deberse a una técnica de biopsia menos refinada. Los embriólogos con mayor capacidad y experiencia tienen menos incidencia de embriones caóticos que los que se inician en la biopsia. Para evitar este sesgo, solo dos embriólogas con más experiencia (aquí está una de ellas en la sala), la embrióloga Alejandra Vítores y Claudia González, fueron quienes descongelaron los embriones y los rebiopsiaron.

No sé si quieran comentar, ya que es público, sobre la técnica y cómo se realiza la biopsia. Hola, buenos días a todos. Soy la embrióloga Alejandra Vítores, del Instituto VIDA Tijuana, y el porcentaje de embriones biopsiados fue ligeramente mayor que el del Instituto VIDA Tijuana.

Si tiene alguna pregunta, con gusto la responderé. Por favor, el micrófono. Quería saber si observó alguna diferencia en la clasificación entre antes y después de la rebiopsia, y cuánto tiempo de incubación le quedó para poder realizar la rebiopsia, supongo que hasta que se expandió de nuevo.

No sé si tuviste que dejar crecer algunos más. Como mencionó el Dr. Gutiérrez, la mayoría eran de peor calidad. Si tuviéramos una tasa de supervivencia de alrededor del 70%, y precisamente para darle al embrión un poco más de oportunidad de recuperarse, lo dejábamos un poco más de tiempo. Casi siempre lo dejábamos unas dos horas, pero en los embriones que vimos, es posible que no tardara más en recuperarse, porque les dimos un poco más de tiempo y a la mayoría se les realizó una nueva biopsia el mismo día.

¿Cuánto tiempo se deja que el embrión se recupere antes de realizar la rebiopsia? Bueno, aproximadamente dos horas. En este caso, se trató de un número ligeramente mayor de embriones, y si les dimos más de dos horas para recuperarse, siempre se rebiopsió el mismo día. Me gustaría comentar que se habla de rebiopsia y supervivencia; es decir, como verán en el artículo, se descongelaron 93 embriones y solo el 72% sobrevivió. Es un porcentaje bajo, lo cual no significa que este sea nuestro promedio de embriones que sobreviven; obviamente, siempre superamos el 95% de supervivencia en el programa general de in vitro.

Sin embargo, cabe mencionar, dado que estos datos son muy importantes, que si hablamos de la generación de embriones mosaico, nos referimos a que estos embriones probablemente tuvieron una menor calidad o presentaron problemas durante la biopsia, al tiempo que las rebiopsias presentan una baja tasa de supervivencia. Ese 74 no refleja nuestro programa, sino estos embriones caóticos, que probablemente explican estas alteraciones. Una pregunta, Manuel Biotti.

Mi pregunta es que se habla mucho, se piensa que si la primera biopsia muestra mosaicismo caótico o no, sino mosaicismo, y la segunda biopsia muestra euploidía, se cree que esto es automáticamente un artefacto. Sin embargo, también existe la posibilidad de que sea una característica intrínseca del mosaicismo, es decir, una característica del mosaicismo: que una biopsia muestre mosaicismo y la segunda, euploidía, aneuploidía o mosaicismo. Por lo tanto, no tiene por qué ser automáticamente un artefacto del embriólogo o del laboratorio genético. ¿Podría comentar algo al respecto? Sí, por supuesto.

Obviamente, no creemos que ya sea un euploide automático y nos olvidamos de ese embrión. Obviamente, me preguntaron si ya lo habíamos transferido, pero no lo hemos hecho. Sí, probablemente lo transferiremos, con su atención, y realizaremos los estudios prenatales pertinentes para confirmar si es un embrión o si el feto no tiene ningún problema.

Obviamente, entiendo el comentario del médico: no se debe biopsiar hasta obtener el resultado deseado. Obviamente, no descartamos la posibilidad de que sea un mosaico y que no se haya detectado. Sin embargo, cuando se tienen seis o cinco alteraciones y luego en la rebiopsia no se detecta ninguna, ya es euploide; es más difícil.

No todos los embriones, al ser rebiopsiados, presentaban exactamente las mismas alteraciones, excepto los caóticos puros; es decir, prácticamente el 80 % eran exactamente iguales. Algunos fueron reclasificados; solo tres de los puros fueron reclasificados, pero eran euploides, capaces de presentar cinco alteraciones; yo tenía cuatro y siempre hubo concordancia con las mismas alteraciones. Por lo tanto, consideramos que los embriones puros, o aquellos con una alteración estable, completa, son aquellos que ya no requieren rebiopsia.

Sí, estoy totalmente de acuerdo. En cuanto a los mosaicos, mi comentario sería la idea de repetir la biopsia, reducir la viabilidad del embrión o transferirlo directamente, ya que si se realiza otra biopsia, independientemente del resultado, el embrión será mosaico. Dado que la primera biopsia mostró una mezcla de células euploides y aneuploides, independientemente de la respuesta de la segunda biopsia, será mosaico de cualquier manera.

Por lo tanto, reducir la viabilidad tampoco es ideal. En otras palabras, en lugar de rebiopsiar esos embriones mosaico caóticos, ¿por qué no simplemente transferirlos? Podría ser una alternativa, y realizar estudios prenatales adecuados también. Sin embargo, ahora estamos realizando un estudio para caracterizar y analizar el tipo de embriones caóticos que Next Generation informa.

Así que creo que el comentario del médico es muy válido. Se podrían transferir, pero obviamente tenemos que hacer estudios cromosómicos. Sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que estos embriones tienen un 50% de euploidía.

Gracias. Dr. Gutiérrez, dado que se descartaron embriones hace unos años, ahora entendemos que este tipo de embrión podría tener una viabilidad desconocida. ¿Debería existir un protocolo específico para la transferencia de estos embriones, en relación con lo que mencionó, que la paciente dé su consentimiento para estudios prenatales posteriores, un consentimiento informado adecuado y todo lo demás, dado que desconocemos el resultado de estos tratamientos? Sí, creo que es una posibilidad.

Y también, como se hace con embriones mosaico, es decir, cuando se sugiere transferir un embrión mosaico, se prioriza el tipo de cromosoma alterado. Por ejemplo, si el cromosoma A21 está afectado, quizás no sea candidato para una rebiopsia ni para la transferencia. Pero, obviamente, creemos que existen posibilidades reales de transferencia, ya que el 50% de los embriones mosaico de nuestro estudio dieron resultados euploides.

No sé si hay otra pregunta del público. Buenos días, doctor. Soy Alejandro Boruch, del Hospital Ángeles Pedregal.

Doctor, me gustaría saber qué técnica utilizan si se realiza una vitrificación entre biopsias. Debido a la doble biopsia en relación con este tipo de alteraciones que se pueden encontrar en el estudio preimplantacional, el Dr. Danilo y sus colaboradores publicaron hace unas semanas un análisis de varios centros. Observaron que, precisamente al realizar una biopsia, vitrificar, desvitrificar y volver a biopsiar, la tasa de nacimientos se reduce a menos de la mitad en todos los embriones que presentan un resultado euploide en la segunda biopsia. ¿Cómo lo hacen en su centro? ¿Y si esto informaría a las pacientes, si lo hacen, de que el éxito disminuirá? Claro, doctor, tenemos que empezar por el primer trabajo publicado sobre embriones rebiopsiados de forma caótica. Todos los trabajos anteriores presentados son pósteres del Congreso Americano, un trabajo de Acebir, del Congreso Español, y estamos dando directrices para esta caracterización y viendo qué haremos con estos embriones.

Evidentemente, si se realiza una segunda biopsia, la viabilidad del embrión disminuirá. Solo tras la descongelación de los embriones con estas alteraciones, solo el 74 % sobrevivió. De los embriones con dos biopsias previas, no los hemos descongelado, ni podemos determinar su supervivencia, pero suponemos que las tasas de implantación no serán tan altas.

Por eso el Dr. Biotti sugirió que también se pueden transferir directamente, como una posibilidad. No lo considero por ahora una sugerencia, pero como posibilidad, también es cierto. Evidentemente, si se realizan dos biopsias en un embrión, cuantas más biopsias se realicen, mayor será la vitrificación y la viabilidad puede disminuir.

¿Algún otro comentario del público? Dr. Sánchez. Buenas tardes, David Sosa. Tengo una pregunta.

Cuando hablas de esta clasificación que hiciste, en realidad la estás considerando mixta, en aquellos que tienen números, digamos, aneuploidías completas y número de copias intermedias, diciendo que tendrías mosaicos y aneuploidías completas. Pero incluso dentro de estos que llamas mosaicos, mi pregunta es, ¿son realmente aneuploidías completas? ¿Qué tipo de alteración tienen estos embriones caóticos? Porque una cosa es que tengan mosaicos, digamos que son mosaicos de cromosomas completos, o que solo tengan duplicaciones y lesiones de fragmentos cromosómicos, y no una aneuploidía completa. Sí, básicamente, bueno, por eso se hace la clasificación, porque anteriormente te dijeron que solo tienes seis alteraciones y se acabó.

Y ese fue el único resultado obtenido. Aquí, bueno, intentamos hacer esta subdivisión para caracterizarlo. Para decir qué tipo de alteración presenta, bueno, es cualquiera, pero es completa, por ejemplo, de origen meiótico. Es decir, cuando es meiótico, se presenta la lesión o duplicación de ese cromosoma, entonces obviamente tendremos aneuploidías que son mosaicos o completas; no sé qué tipo de alteración se busca.

Se trataba más bien de comprender con precisión si faltan cromosomas completos en esos mosaicos o si son solo alteraciones de fragmentos cromosómicos; es decir, no implican cromosomas completos. Pueden ser segmentados o completos, pero no mosaicos. Sin embargo, creo que ese es uno de los problemas que hay que empezar a abordar.

Para quienes no me conocen, realmente, trabajo en un laboratorio de genética, lucharé enormemente con esta parte, no hay aneuploidías segmentadas, ustedes en reproducción lo llaman así, pero en genética no hay aneuploidías segmentadas, las aneuploidías son siempre cromosomas completos, ese es el término, todo lo demás son realmente duplicaciones o lesiones de fragmentos cromosómicos, y el origen y el proceso por el cual se generan son diferentes. Entonces cuando hablamos de alteraciones, que son duplicaciones y lesiones de fragmentos cromosómicos, no es lo mismo hablar de aneuploidías. Y en ese mismo contexto, las aneuploidías en mosaico son mucho más comunes que las alteraciones que solo presentan fragmentos, porque la formación de estas alteraciones cromosómicas es diferente en el proceso biológico-celular, y la visión es realmente muy diferente.

Creo que ese también es un contexto que se puede revisar en estos embriones caóticos, el tipo de alteración que presentan, y que quizás sea mucho más frecuente encontrar artefactos que se reflejen en el número de copias intermedias en estos fragmentos cromosómicos que cuando se encuentra un artefacto que afecta a todo el cromosoma. Muchas gracias, Dr. Sánchez. Un poco de lo que dijo el doctor.

Como médico clínico, creo que es un trabajo excelente. Al final, ¿cuántos de nosotros nos hemos enfrentado a tener varios embriones y de repente nos informan de un embrión caótico? Siempre le explicamos a la paciente la posibilidad de realizar una rebiopsia. Ahora bien, la pregunta que les hago a los genetistas es también en qué cromosoma está el mosaico, porque creo que eso también depende de lo que haya dicho el médico: no vamos a rebiopsiarlos, sabiendo que puede ser aneuploidía, pero también sabiendo qué tipo de mosaico podemos transferir, porque al final, ayer vimos una charla en la que se transfirió un mosaico 21 y se consiguió un embarazo.

Así que creo que eso también es importante con el consejo del genetista, simplemente para decir cuál es la posibilidad de este embrión caótico, si es mosaico, si vale la pena rebiopsiar, dependiendo de lo que informen. No sé si esa alteración en mosaico pueda repetirse. Son las mismas recomendaciones que se hacen cuando se transfieren embriones en mosaico. Desconozco si el panel tiene algún otro comentario.

Dr. Gutiérrez Frusch. Bueno, creo que se ha debatido en los últimos años, un poco sobre esto, Antonio, lo que tu artículo demuestra es que debemos tomar el PGT-A con cuidado, ya que tiene ciertas limitaciones que debemos tener en cuenta. Considero que tu artículo tiene un sesgo humano, algo muy natural, algo que todos tenemos.

Su tasa de vitrificación es menor que la de su centro, porque estos son los embriones a los que generalmente les damos la última oportunidad, a esos pacientes con mal pronóstico. Me encantaría sentarme con su embriólogo, ver los casos y explicarle por qué esto ocurre en el día 6 o 7, y por qué se presenta en mosaico tantas veces. Lo que hemos visto en la práctica y se ha reportado en la literatura es que estos mosaicos son trofoicodermos más delgados, embriones de menor calidad y quizás con peor pronóstico, porque se trata de pacientes que a menudo tienen menor calidad. Porque si tiene 10 embriones del día 5 al día 8, ideales para biopsiar, no biopsiará los cc de mala calidad del día 7 porque no los necesita; no va a obligar a su paciente a gastar en un PGT-A.

En general, se trata de pacientes que ya presentan un sesgo, y su tasa de vitrificación es muy reveladora, lo cual no coincide con la baja calidad de ciertos embriones desde el día 7 y la comprensión de su manejo. Hay muchas estadísticas en el centro, la morfología, que también es otro sesgo, porque es un aspecto subjetivo. Por lo tanto, lo que vemos aquí no es muy difícil reclasificar un mosaico en un euploide, porque ya se menciona la alteración genética, sea un artefacto o no, será muy difícil a menos que realicemos la concordancia con el embrión completo, que existen algunas, y esa concordancia no existe cuando se realiza el embrión completo, pero el concepto de mosaico lo define.

Y sabemos que los mosaicos son peores que el trofodermo, que la masa celular interna. Pero en lo que sí estoy de acuerdo contigo, Antonio, es en que tenemos que demostrar que esto no existe realmente, porque de lo contrario no podemos hablar si no tenemos los datos. Quizás con tus datos diga: «Bueno, no entiendo la definición, pero ciertos embriones con ciertos resultados podemos seguir transfiriéndolos».

Y eso es importante porque debemos capacitar a nuestros pacientes. Aquí vemos a muchos clínicos, biólogos, genetistas, etc., que nos ayudan a tomar decisiones. Pero cuando nos enfrentamos a un paciente y decimos: «El PGT-A lo es todo», creo que cada vez más pensamos que el PGT-A (es decir, la palabra «todo» en medicina reproductiva) es peligroso, que todo tiene limitaciones y que hay que buscar el beneficio del paciente. Y este es el beneficio de esa paciente con un pronóstico muy bajo, que tiene un embrión de, digamos, calidad moderada, que hemos visto en embarazos, etc.

¿Vale la pena? Primero, biopsiarlo, porque vamos a disminuir el pronóstico, ya que es un embrión de peor calidad. La rebiopsia será cuestionada, pero podemos verla. E incluso si obtenemos un resultado complejo en estos casos, ¿cómo lo haremos y cómo solicitaremos estos informes? Porque cada vez nos resulta más difícil entender lo que nos dicen los laboratorios genéticos, como clínicos, porque no somos genetistas y no tenemos todo el contexto.

Y ahora le toca al paciente, porque tenemos que afrontarlo, porque no es el laboratorio; los pacientes quieren escuchar del médico por qué sí, por qué no y qué riesgos conlleva. Me gustaría comentar, como ya mencionamos, que no hay muchos artículos caóticos sobre descongelación y rebiopsia. De estos artículos que mencionamos, o trabajos de congresos importantes, solo dos dan la tasa de deshidratación: la nuestra, que fue del 73%, y la de Joe Hopkins y Lucy Chi Chang, que tienen un 53% de embriones viables, después de la descongelación, incluso menor. Y ellos mismos dicen que no es nuestra tasa de deshidratación, sino que son embriones que ya estaban mal. De hecho, si me lo dice, los pacientes de edad avanzada tienen más problemas, sí, pero también estamos forzando biopsias con embriones de baja calidad, pero quizás sea el único embrión que tiene, y usted dijo que si tiene 10 perfectos, a los que no lo son no se les hará la biopsia.

De hecho, la tasa de deshidratación de estos caóticos... Se supone que ya tenían embriones problemáticos, o que fueron manipulados durante la biopsia, o algo similar ocurrió. Eran embriones de mala calidad, con cierto grado de apoptosis en el ADN, y ahora estamos donando estos embriones caóticos. Muchas gracias a todos, se acabó el tiempo. Les agradezco sus comentarios. De nuevo, este es un área donde estamos empezando a comprender aspectos que antes desconocíamos. Espero que todos los presentes consideren enviar sus artículos para que tengan la oportunidad de llegar a un público más amplio, ya que creo que uno de los aspectos importantes del artículo del Dr. Gutiérrez es que ha sido leído en todo el mundo. Que todos consideren enviar sus artículos a estas revistas internacionales para que tengan este tipo de público. Espero que cada vez que tengamos un congreso aquí en México podamos hablar sobre la ciencia y la producción que se lleva a cabo en nuestro país. Les pido un aplauso y muchas gracias por participar.

This is Journal Club Global from Fertility and Sterility. This year, for the first time, we are taking an article from a Mexican author to discuss here with you today. And I think it is a very relevant article to the management of patients currently, to whom PGT is done to look for aneuploidy.

And the article is titled Blastocysts in PGT-A, Prevalence, Characteristics, and Re-biopsy Results. And this is from Dr. Antonio Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez from León, Guadalajara. So, I think it is important to emphasize and give room to these discussions of articles made in Latin America, in particular in Mexico, because good science is done in Mexico and I think the world should know it too.

So, now we have Dr. Antonio Gutierrez, who, as you know, is a surgeon from Mexico, from León, Guadalajara. And he is the director of the Instituto VIDA de León, Guadalajara, and has many offices around Mexico. We have Tamar Alkon, who is a surgeon from the University of Anahuac.

And she works as an associate director of clinical research in RMA Mexico. We have Carlos Alberto Hernández Nieto, who is also a surgeon from San Luis Potosí, but currently works in New York as a specialist in human reproduction biology at Reproductive Medicine Associates of New York. Alejandro Sánchez Aranda, who is also a Mexican surgeon, who works in Mexico City and is a co-founder of Anhela Fertilidad.

I think you already work in Mérida, right? Because you were in Mexico City before. Now you are in Yucateco like me. We are short of one.

No, we are short of one. Well, let's continue. Please introduce yourself.

I am Dr. Gutiérrez. I am the Director of Integral Fertility Medicine. I am also a biologist of reproduction in Mexico.

Thank you very much, Dr. Gutiérrez. Very well. So, let's start first with the presentation of the article, which will be given by Dr. Tamar, and then we will continue with the discussion of the article with Dr. Carlos Hernández Nieto.

Do you have it, Tamar? It is being presented. We have some technical problems. We already have the second technical problem.

The second technical problem. Good afternoon to everyone. Thanks to Dr. Loret de Mola for the introduction.

and today we are going to talk about chaotic embryos, mainly their prevalence, their characterization, and the results of the re-biopsy. Well, as we know, when we are given the report of a preimplantation genetic diagnosis, we can be reported that the embryo comes euploid, aneuploid or mosaic. And when we are reported an aneuploid embryo, we can be reported as chaotic.

This means that it has five or more aneuploidies within the result. So, the objective of this study will be to determine the prevalence of these chaotic blastocysts, characterize the population of chaotic blastocysts as uniform aneuploidies, intermediate-numbered aneuploidies, or a combination of both, and evaluate the concordance rates of a re-biopsy of these embryos. As material and methods, this study was a retrospective study, which included 1,442 cycles of pre-implant genetic diagnosis, carried out in 22 fertility clinics November 2017 to December 2023.

In total, 5,801 embryos were analyzed, and all patients were included who were subjected to PGT-A and had at least one biopsied blastocyst, and all patients were excluded who made a genetic diagnosis by structural reorganizations and monogenic diseases. When a chaotic embryo was reported, the embryo was reported as pure chaotic, where they were pure uniform aneuploidies. Mixed chaotic, where there were uniform and intermediate aneuploidies, and mosaic chaotic.

In total, of the 5,801 blastocysts that were analyzed, a 4.3% of chaotic blastocysts were reported, of which 13.5% were pure, 53% mixed and 33.5% mosaics. Of these, 93 embryos were donated to re-biopsy, 74% survived the biopsy and a total of 17 embryos were reported as euploids, which corresponds to 24.6%. And we can also see how in this graph, older patients, a higher number of chaotic embryos, mainly those over 40 years old, when they classified the embryos for their quality, also the poor quality embryos were the ones that threw more chaotic results, and on the day of the biopsy, also the embryos that were biopsied on the 7th, were the ones that had more chaotic embryo results. And here in this graph we can see how the chaotic mosaic embryos were the ones that managed to obtain an euploid result in the re-biopsy.

The rest of the embryos, there was a very important agreement with the results and they were all aneuploidies. Well, after the introduction of Dr. Alkon, let's get into the discussion. Basically, the authors of this article begin by saying that we know that there is the notion that chaotic embryos, or the general thought is that these are the ones that have the worst reproductive potential.

Who reports it? There are these studies that contrast the authors, and all these data have shown that between 29% and 44% of these embryos, when they are re-tested, can be considered euploids. So, the authors of this study say that based on these findings, it is imperative to know what types of alterations these chaotic embryos show, in order to characterize them. And their study will give us good data or important data on the potential origin of these abnormalities and possible explanations about the euploid results that are obtained in these re-biopsies.

So, they mention as one of the hypotheses that are generated with this study, that the intermediate numbers of these copies can be a consequence of genuine mosaicism. It may be that we are introducing a little noise with biopsy of apoptotic cells or inclusion of cell fragments, the alteration can be due to the limited number of cells that are biopsied to make the PGT a new cause of contamination, or also consider that they could be the cause of an amplification cell. So, among the main findings, as Dr. Alkon said, the primary goal of the authors was to show what the prevalence was.

They found that a 4.3%. And well, the authors in their discussion say that there are other reports with a slightly lower incidence, such as the study of Walter Sen, which found 2.5%. And the authors themselves in this discussion speak, and maybe a little later with Dr. Gutierrez, of the difference that may be based on the methodology that was used for the sequencing and analysis of the PGT-A. In the case of Walter's study, they used FAST-Seq-S, and here, well, the Ion Reproject. So, another objective of the study was to find what caught their attention, which is that the survival rate was only 74.2%, which is a little less than what is reported in other centers, or with other types of embryos.

And well, this has a potential relationship between the quality of the embryos that are being analyzed and shown for the first time as chaotic, and the prevalence of these findings. In other words, a relationship between embryonic quality and possibilities of chaotic embryo diagnosis. Another of the findings, as Dr. Alkon said, is that they observed that the highest prevalence of chaotic embryos were found in patients above 42 years old, a prevalence of 10.1 in this group, and that it did not correlate directly with what we expect in complex aneuploidies, which we know that in the last groups of SARTs, it must increase with the maternal age.

There is a higher proportion of lower quality embryos in this group, in which they saw, for example, that those of good quality were only 2.9% and of poor quality, contrasting 5.5%, being this significant. And also in their findings, they showed that the day of the biopsy did not have a statistical significance, although it was seen there on the 7th, which is one of the things that we will discuss a little later, there was a certain tendency that there would be an increase, a prevalence. Another important finding is that these embryos, rebiopsied embryos, as Dr. Alkon said, showed that specifically in the group of chaotic mosaics, 24.6% was documented in the rebiopsy as euploid embryos.

As in other reports that were published, and I mentioned previously, the rates are lower, but the authors comment that in these studies that were referenced, there was a lower number in the sample size that can explain these differences. And getting more into the specific results, we see that the pure chaotics correlated or had the same euploids, up to 72.7% of them. The mixed chaotics, 45% were non-chaotic aneuploids, and the rest were mixed chaotics.

Based on these findings, they, the authors, recommend, or generate the hypothesis, that is, we recommend that this type of embryo, specifically pure or mixed chaotics, is not worth rebiopsying, since the result correlates with the rebiopsy. In the chaotic mosaics, which is the most interested group, they found that almost half of them, the result of the rebiopsy was euploid, and the rest correlated, as you can see here, some returned to be non-chaotic mosaics, other chaotic mosaics and other total aneuploids. So this is where they generate another new hypothesis.

Probably what we are seeing specifically here is that it could be an artifact of amplification technology and could be an explanation of why the potential mosaic embryos that have been transferred in the records, as they attended the talk of Dr. Biotti, until the date of those potentially they implanted, maybe they were not mosaics, they were euploid embryos. So, at the end of the study, the authors mention that the rebiopsy of chaotic mosaics blastocysts can be considered, especially when it is the last or the last options or embryos that our patients have in their arsenal or what they have generated through their reproduction treatments. But, well, we have to first understand the concept of these embryos, understand which ones do really have some potential complication and which ones can become an artifact of the technology we have today for the PGT-A.

So, well, let's start now with the speakers and the author here, which is the best exercise, because we have the information first-hand. And, well, let's see if someone from the audience wants to start with a question or if the doctor is going to guide us. Thank you very much, doctor.

Since most of the audience are not geneticists, I do not know if any of you would like to explain the differences of the three types of chaotic embryos, that is, pure chaotic, mixed and mosaic, so that people can really understand the problem. I do not know who you are, Dr. Gutierrez. If you want, I'll start, doctor.

Good afternoon to all. Thank you for being here. Thanks to Fertility and Sterility for this forum.

Well, it is important to mention that as such there is no classification of chaotic embryos. We are proposing this classification and that's why I dare to take the microphone to say. We put three types based on the observation of the patterns they had.

These are analyzed by Next Generation. It is important to remember this part. We were able to observe the pure chaotic, when the alterations in chromosomes were uniform, that is, basically chromosomes that were of a mediotic origin, that is, there was a complete monosomy or trisomy.

Subsequently, there were mixed chaotic that had partially embryos with this type of complete alterations, but there were also mosaic embryos, that is, with a number of intermediate copies, embryos with variables in the number of intermediate copies and we had mosaic embryos where all alterations were mosaic. Those three are the ones we propose for the classification, since we see that they behave differently. Thank you very much, doctor.

I don't know if you have any comments, Dr. Gutierrez. First of all, thank you very much for the invitation. Congratulations on the article.

I think this is the biggest limitation of the article. For me, a lack of defining very clearly this new nomenclature that the article proposes, because it lacks, for me, that process of clear definition within how the NGS is going to run, and when I was reading the article and I just didn't find the classification. For me, an important definition is how we are going to classify, because a recommendation comes out of the article that says that mosaic embryos, chaotic mosaics, should be rebiopsied, but how to make that interpretation of that information, how we define it and how that definition is going to be made within the structure of the article, creates a bit of controversy, because when we approach the embryologists or the way they report us, currently the PGT-A, we don't have a lot of ways to get to that information to be able to make the discernment of the three groups that are proposed in the article.

Obviously, the one who is providing the service is the one who is going to make the diagnosis of your embryo and is going to tell you the types of alterations. If you have a chaotic embryo and they only put you in a chaotic embryo, today in my clinic, I say, hey, how is this chaotic embryo? Is it pure? Okay. Is it mixed or is it mosaic? So that's how we do it.

We can have the profiles of the embryos, because we do the study. If someone in their office does not have these profiles, because they send the information to a PGT-A provider, then they could request the type of profile of the embryo to see which of these chaotics it is. That's basically it.

Today you receive a chaotic embryo diagnosis and it's over. So you have to see what the type is, because as we will discuss, obviously the mosaic chaotics have a high possibility of being euploid embryos. So that's where you change.

It's the only embryo, or it doesn't have euploid embryos, and you have a chaotic mosaic. Today we are re-biopsying them. Doctor, have you transferred any of these re-biopsied embryos and had them born alive? Well, we haven't transferred these embryos.

These 93 embryos that were donated, we had 17 euploids, which have not been transferred. We are re-biopsying new embryos, already chaotic by these findings, and we already have some euploids that we are about to transfer. We have not transferred these embryos, but we consider that it can be done.

In fact, there is an article, well, a communication in the American Congress of 2024 in Palmore, where they mention that two euploids were transferred, one from a terminated pregnancy and the other from an abortion, a stopped pregnancy. So, well, there are births of this type of embryos. And you believe, doctor, that the platform used for the evaluation of embryos has something to do with this type of results? Yes, evidently the platform will be an important aspect, depending on what technique you use.

For example, speaking of mosaic embryos, well, we know that with Next Generation we have this incidence of mosaic embryos, and well, if we go more complex, chaotic mosaics, when they have five or six alterations of these same. So, it is said that it may be due to this noise generated by degenerated DNA, by doing in the biopsy the aspiration of fragments of the same embryo, aspects in the technique, aspiration of oil during the biopsy. These aspects come out with Next Generation.

Evidently, when another technology is used, like SNPs Arrays, this will obviously decrease a lot. I do not know if any of you want to comment on what the doctor was saying. The only question I wanted to ask is, normally then, in the report that your laboratory generates, in case something chaotic is identified, is the specification given, or does the center have to ask for more information to make that decision? Now we are giving the complete information, that is, we are telling the director of the center who sends us the embryos, that is, doctor, this is a chaotic embryo, it is pure, maybe we do not recommend the biopsy.

If they release that information. Yes, we are releasing it, because I am a clinician, I am not a geneticist, and sometimes to achieve a biopsy embryo is an achievement, and that you get a chaotic embryo, obviously you have to give the patient the greatest possibility. Doctor, on the day of the biopsy, whether it is 5, 6 or 7, does it affect the rate of chaotic embryos? Yes, in our study, surely for numerical reasons, no statistical significance was shown, however, there is a very significant graph where in day 7 embryos there is a higher percentage of chaotic embryos, but without statistical significance, a trend.

Evidently, as more cases are added, surely it will come to give, because chaotic embryos are closely related with embryonic quality. Embryonic quality, the lower the embryonic quality, there is a higher incidence of chaotic embryos, perhaps due to the generation of these apoptotic remains, perhaps due to the generation of these fragments in the embryos that you may be aspiring, that is, anything that gives us degradation of DNA could generate these chaotic embryos. So day 7, in general, we have lower quality embryos than day 5 and day 6 embryos, and we also have a higher incidence of chaotic embryos.

So when we speak only of quality embryonic, there we had a statistical significance where the embryos of poor quality have a higher incidence of chaotic embryos. So it goes hand in hand, poor quality, and this is more frequent on day 7, however, there were fewer embryos on day 7. Normally, the number of embryos on day 7 that reach biopsy are much lower than those on day 5 and day 6, so it does not give us significance. I do not know if we can turn off the transparency so that we can see the doctors a little better in their comments.

Would it be possible? Otherwise it does not look good in the video. Let's open to questions from the public. I do not know if any of you have any comments, Dr. Papier.

If you would be so kind, doctor, to introduce yourself so that the public knows who you are. Sergio Papier from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Good afternoon, good morning.

Well, Antonio, congratulations on the publication. Obviously, the artifact, let's say, is a question that is present in this situation, which can occur in the entire process from biopsy, DNA isolation, amplification and sequencing. If I understand correctly, when the embryos come from different centers, biopsied in different ways by different biologists, but then they are re-biopsied in the same place, the same technique.

It seems that there is an artifact related to biopsy. I do not know if you have considered it. Yes, it is considered, Dr. Papier.

Basically, the global number of embryos comes from 22 centers. In fact, only of the total, which were 250 chaotic embryos, only 93 embryos were defrosted. And to try to eliminate this bias, only two clinics defrosted their mosaic embryos, which was the clinic of León, Guadalajara and the clinic of Tijuana.

Both are from Instituto Vida and we had more control over them. In other words, the total percentage of chaotic embryos is given by all the centers that send us embryos, which is that 4.3 that we consider high. But the embryos that we defrost and re-biopsy, were re-biopsied by the same embryologists, who had an important expertise.

Because this goes up to the generation of chaotic embryos, it can also be secondary to a technique not so refined to do the biopsy. Embryologists with greater capacities, with greater experience, have less incidence of chaotic embryos than embryologists who are just beginning to do the biopsy. So to avoid this bias, only two embryologists, who are the ones who had more experience, here is one of them in the room, the embryologist Alejandra Vítores and Claudia González, are the ones who defrosted the embryos and re-biopsy these embryos.

I do not know if you want to make a comment, since it is in the public, related to the technique and how they do the biopsy. Hello, good morning to all. I am the embryologist Alejandra Vítores, I am Instituto VIDA Tijuana and the percentage of embryos that were biopsied was in a slightly higher percentage than Instituto VIDA Tijuana.

If you have any questions, I am happy to answer them. Please, the microphone. I wanted to know if you observed any difference in the classification between prior to the re-biopsy and at the time of the re-biopsy and how much time was left incubating to be able to do the re-biopsy, I imagine until it expanded again.

I do not know if you had some that you had to let grow longer. As Dr. Gutiérrez mentioned, indeed, most were of worse quality, if we had a survival rate of about 70% and if precisely to give a little more chance to the embryo to recover, if we left it a little more time. We almost always left it like two hours, but in the embryos that we saw that may not take more time to recover, because we gave them a little more time and most did re-biopsy on the same day.

How much time do you leave the embryo to recover before doing the re-biopsy? Well, two hours approximately, in this case it was a slightly larger number of embryos and if we gave more than two hours for them to recover and always re-biopsied on the same day. I would like to comment now that they are talking about re-biopsy and survival, that is, you will notice in the article that 93 embryos were defrosted and only 72% of embryos had survival. It is low, it does not mean that this is our average embryos that survive, obviously we are always above 95% survival in the general program of in vitro.

However, it should be mentioned, because these are very important data, because if we are talking about the generation of mosaic embryos, we are talking about these embryos probably had a lower quality rate, or had problems during the biopsy itself, at the time that the re-biopsies have a low survival rate. That 74 is not the reflection of our program, it is the reflection of these chaotic embryos, which is probably why they had these alterations. One question, Manuel Biotti.

My question is, there is a lot of talk, the mentality is a bit, if the first biopsy shows chaotic mosaicism or not, but mosaicism, and the second biopsy shows euploid, which is thought to automatically have to be an artifact, but there is also the possibility that it is an intrinsic thing of mosaicism, that is, the characteristic of mosaicism, that a biopsy shows you mosaicism and the second euploid or aneuploid or mosaicism. So it does not automatically have to be an artifact of the embryologist or genetic laboratory. Can you comment a little on that? Yes, certainly.

Obviously, we do not think that it is already an automatic euploid and we forget about that embryo. Obviously, I was asked if we have already transferred, we have not transferred. Yes, we will probably transfer these, with your care, do the appropriate prenatal studies to confirm if it is an embryo or that fetus has no problem.

So obviously, I understand the doctor's comment, it is not to biopsy it until we have the result we want to have. Obviously, we do not move away from the possibility that it is a mosaic and that it has not come out. However, when you have six or five alterations, and then in the rebiopsy you do not have any alteration, it is already an euploid, it is more difficult.

Not all embryos, when they were rebiopsied, had exactly the same alterations, except for the pure chaotic, that is, practically 80% were exactly the same. And some were reclassified, only three of the pure were reclassified, but they were euploids, capable of having five alterations, and then I had a four and there was always concordance with the same alterations. So we believe that pure embryos, or when you have an alteration that is stable, that is complete, those are embryos that we consider that we no longer have to rebiopsy.

Yes, I completely agree. In the mosaics, my comment would be the idea of rebiopsying, lowering the viability of the embryo, or directly transferring, because if you take another biopsy, regardless of the result, the embryo will be mosaic. Because the first biopsy showed you a mixture of euploid and aneuploid cells, no matter the response of the second biopsy, it will be mosaic in any way.

So lowering the viability is not ideal either. So in other words, instead of rebiopsying those chaotic mosaic embryos, why not simply transfer them? It could be an alternative, and doing appropriate prenatal studies, that could be an alternative. However, now we are doing a study where we are characterizing and looking at the type of chaotic embryos that are being reported by Next Generation.

So I think the doctor's comment is very valid. They could be transferred, but we have to do chromosomal studies, obviously. Especially with the basis that you have, a 50% euploid in these embryos.

Thank you. Dr. Gutierrez, since embryos were discarded a few years ago, now we understand that this type of embryo may have a viability that was not known. Should there be a very specific protocol for these embryos to be transferred, with respect to what you mentioned, that the patient gives consent to do subsequent prenatal studies, an appropriate informed consent and all that, since we do not know what the result of these treatments will be? Yes, I think it is a possibility.

And also, as is done with mosaic embryos, that is, when a suggestion is given to transfer a mosaic embryo, prioritizing what type of chromosome is altered. For example, if the chromosome A21 is involved, perhaps this is not a candidate for rebiopsy or transfer. But obviously we believe that there are real possibilities of transfer, since 50% in our study gave us euploid in mosaic embryos.

I do not know if there is another question from the public. Good morning, doctor. I am Alejandro Boruch, from the Angeles Pedregal Hospital.

Doctor, I would like to know what is the technique they use if there is a vitrification between biopsy and biopsy, because the double biopsy in relation to this type of alterations that can be found in the pre-implantation study, Dr. Danilo and collaborators published an analysis of several centers a few weeks ago, and they saw that precisely when you perform a biopsy, you vitrify, you de-vitrify and you go back to biopsy, the rate of births goes to less than half, in all these embryos that have an euploid result in the second biopsy. How is it that they do it in their center, and if this would inform the patients, in any case they do it, that the success will decrease? Of course, we have to start, doctor, which is the first work that is published on chaotic rebiopsied embryos. All the previous works that were presented are posters of the American Congress, a work of Acebir, of the Spanish Congress, and we are giving guidelines to this characterization and see what we are going to do with these embryos.

Evidently, if you do a second biopsy, the viability will decrease, the viability of the embryo. Only the defrosting of these embryos that had these alterations, only 74% survived. Evidently, of the embryos that have already done two biopsies, we have not defrosted them, nor can we say what survival, but we assume that it will not be rates of implantation so high.

That's why Dr. Biotti suggested that they can also be transferred directly, as a possibility. I do not consider it at the moment as a suggestion, but as a possibility it is also true. Evidently, if you have two biopsies in an embryo, the more biopsies you have, the more vitrification you have, the viability can decrease.

Any other comments from the public? Dr. Sánchez. Good afternoon, David Sosa. I have a question.

When you are talking about this classification that you did, you are really taking it as mixed, in those that have numbers, let's say so, complete aneuploidies and number of intermediate copies, saying that you would have mosaics and complete aneuploidies. But even within these that you are calling mosaics, my question is, are they really complete aneuploidies? What kind of alteration do these chaotic embryos have? Because one thing is that they have mosaics, let's say that they are mosaics of complete chromosomes, or that they have only duplications and lesions of chromosome fragments, and not a complete aneuploidy. Yes, basically, well, that's why the classification is done, because previously they told you, you only have six alterations and it's over.

And it was all the result that was had. And here, well, we try to make this subdivision to characterize it. So, to say what kind of alteration it has, well, it is any, but it is complete, for example, of meiotic origin, that is, when it is meiotic, you have the lesion or duplication of that chromosome, then obviously we will have aneuploidies that are either mosaics or complete, I do not know what kind of alteration you want.

It was rather to understand precisely if they are complete chromosomes that are missing in those mosaics, or are alterations only of chromosome fragments, that is, they do not imply complete chromosomes. They can be segmented or complete, but not mosaics. Although, what happens is that I think that's one of the issues that has to be started to see.

For those who do not know me, really, I work in a laboratory of genetics, I will fight enormously with this part, there are no segmented aneuploidies, you in reproduction call it that, but in genetics are not segmented aneuploidies, aneuploidies are always complete chromosomes, that's the term, everything else is really duplications or lesions of chromosome fragments, and the origin and the process by which they are generated are different. So when we are talking about alterations, which are duplications and lesions of chromosome fragments, it is not the same to talk about aneuploidies. And in that same context, aneuploidies in mosaics are much more common than alterations that only present fragments, because the formation of these chromosomal alterations is different in the biological-cellular process, and the vision is really very different.

I think that is also a context that can be reviewed in these chaotic embryos, the type of alteration they have, and that maybe it is much more frequent that you find artifacts that are reflected in the number of intermediate copies in these chromosomal fragments, than when you find an artifact that involves the entire chromosome. Thank you very much, Dr. Sánchez. Just a little bit of what the doctor said.

As a clinician, I think it is an excellent job. In the end, how many of us have faced that we have a few embryos and suddenly they report a chaotic embryo, and always explain to the patient the possibility to perform a rebiopsy and know. Now, the question I ask geneticists is also in which chromosome is the mosaic, because I think that also depends on what the doctor said, that we are not going to rebiopsy them, knowing that it can be aneuploidy, but also knowing what type of mosaic we can transfer, because at the end of the day, yesterday we saw a talk that transferred a mosaic 21 and got pregnant.

So I think that's also important with the geneticist's advice, just to say what is the possibility of this chaotic embryo, if it is mosaic, if it is worth rebiopsy, depending on what they report, I do not know if that mosaic alteration can be repeated. They are the same recommendations that are made for when embryos are transferred in mosaics. I do not know if the panel has any other comment.

Dr. Gutiérrez Frusch. Well, I think it has been the discussion in recent years, a little bit this, Antonio, what your article shows is that the PGT-A we have to take it with some care, because it has certain limitations that we have to focus on. I see your article as something that there is a human bias in your article, which is very natural, that we all do.

Your vitrification rate is lower than that of your center, because these are the embryos that we are generally giving them that last chance, that bad prognosis patient. I would love to sit with your embryologist and see the cases and say why this is on day 6, 7, why it fell in mosaic many times, what we have seen in practice and has been reported in the literature is that these mosaics are thinner trophoictoderms, they are embryos with a lower quality and perhaps a worse prognosis, because they are patients that are often of lower quality. Because if you have 10 embryos from day 5 to day 8 beautiful to biopsy, you will not be biopsying the bad quality cc from day 7 because you do not need it, you are not going to make your patient spend on a PGT-A.

These are generally patients that already have a bias, I feel, and your vitrification rate speaks a lot, which does not coincide with your vitrification rate, the poor quality that certain embryos have from day 7 and understanding how it is handled. There is a lot of statistics in the center, the morphology, which is also another bias, because it is a subjective part. So what I think we see here, I do not think it is very difficult to reclassify a mosaic in an euploid, because you already put the word of genetic alteration, whether it is an artifact or not, it will be very difficult unless we are doing the concordance with the complete embryo, which there are some and that the concordance is not there when you are doing the complete embryo, but the concept of mosaic defines it.

And we know that the mosaics are worse than the trophoderm, than the internal cell mass. But what I do agree with you, Antonio, we have to show that this does not really exist, because otherwise we cannot talk, if we do not have the data. Maybe with your data I say, well, I miss the definition, but certain embryos with certain results we can continue to transfer.

And that is important because we have to practice our patients. Here we see many clinicians, biologists, geneticists, etc., they help us take, but this is when we face a patient and we say, hey, PGT-A is everything, I think more and more we are that PGT-A, that is, the word all in reproductive medicine is dangerous, that everything has limitations and you have to look for the benefit of the patient. And this is the benefit of that patient with a very low prognosis, who has an embryo of, let's say, moderate quality that we have seen in pregnancy, etc.

Is it worth it? First of all, biopsy it, because we are going to decrease the prognosis, because it is already a worse quality embryo. The rebiopsy will be questioned again, but we can see it. And even if we have a complex result in these cases, how are we going to do that and how are we going to ask for these reports back? Because more and more it is more difficult for us to understand what the genetic laboratories are telling us, as clinicians, because we are not geneticists, because we do not have all the context.

And now it's up to the patient, because we have to face it, because it is not the laboratory, the patients want to hear from the doctor, why yes, no and what risks will have. I would like to comment, we already mentioned it, there are not many chaotic articles in defrosting and rebiopsy. Of these articles that we are talking about, or works of important conferences, of these only two give the dehydration rate, ours, which was 73% and Joe Hopkins, Lucy Chi Chang, they have 53% of viable embryos, after defrosting, even lower, and they themselves say, it is not our rate of dehydration, they are embryos that were already bad and indeed if you tell me, advanced age patients have more chaotic, yes, but we are also forcing biopsies with not so good quality embryos, but perhaps it is the only embryo that has and you said, if you have 10 perfect, those who are not good, they will not be biopsied.

So indeed, the rate of dehydration of these chaotic, they assume they already had some problem embryos probably or were manipulated during biopsy or something happened, they were embryos of poor quality, they had some degree of apoptosis in DNA, and well, now we are giving these chaotic embryos. Well, thank you all very much, the time is over, I thank you all for your comments and again, this is an area where we are beginning to understand aspects that before we really did not know and did not understand and I hope that all who are here consider submitting their articles so that they have the opportunity of a larger audience because I think one of the important aspects of Dr. Gutierrez's article is that it has been read all over the world and that all of you consider submitting your articles to these international magazines so that they have this type of audience and I hope that every time we have a congress here in Mexico that we can talk about science and production that occurs in our country. Again, I ask you for an applause and thank you very much for participating.

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ASRM condemns the Palm Springs bombing, stands with victims, and urges action to protect healthcare providers from violence and harassment. View the Press Release
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ASRM Center for Policy & Leadership Releases Fact Sheet on Misleading Terminology, “Restorative Reproductive Medicine” and "Ethical IVF"

ASRM exposes how terms like “RRM” and “ethical IVF” mislead and restrict IVF access, urging science-based policies that support all paths to family building. View the Press Release
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Just the Facts: “Restorative Reproductive Medicine” and “Ethical IVF” are Misleading Terms That Threaten Access

Terms like “restorative reproductive medicine” and “ethical IVF” mislead and restrict access to proven fertility care like IVF. Evidence must guide policy. View the advocacy resource
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: May 2025

Explore new fertility research on IVF triggers, thyroid autoimmunity, prednisone use, and genetic impacts in this expert-led review of May 2025’s F&S journal. Listen to the Episode
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Best of ASRM and ESHRE 2025

Experts explore recurrent pregnancy loss, embryo testing, IVF mental health, and stem cell banking at ASRM–ESHRE 2025. Insights from leading fertility voices. Listen to the Episode
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US IVF usage increases in 2023, leads to over 95,000 babies born

SART releases 2023 IVF data during National Infertility Awareness Week, showing record births and rising demand for ART to support growing families. View the Press Release
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Unplugged: March 2025

Explore adenomyosis, IVF access, and PCOS research in this F&S On Air podcast—discussing diagnostics, patient care, and legislative impacts on fertility. Listen to the Episode
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: April 2025

Explore new findings on Turner Syndrome, testosterone therapy, embryo assessment, and ART outcomes in this April 2025 episode of Fertility & Sterility On Air. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Center for Policy & Leadership Releases Fact Sheet on Safety of IVF for Pregnant People and Babies

ASRM's fact sheet confirms IVF as a safe, effective, regulated medical procedure, emphasizing careful monitoring of pregnancies for optimal health outcomes. View the Press Release
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Just the Facts: The Safety of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

IVF is a safe, proven medical procedure with extensive research backing. Though risks exist, advancements and strict monitoring ensure most IVF babies are healthy. View the advocacy resource
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ASRM Center for Policy & Leadership Releases White Paper Detailing Oversight of IVF in the U.S. and Abroad

ASRM's Center for Policy & Leadership releases a white paper on IVF and ART oversight, detailing U.S. and global regulations and their impact on reproductive care. View the Press Release
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Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Oversight: Lessons for the United States from Abroad

A comprehensive analysis of global Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) regulations, comparing policies, accessibility, and ethical considerations in various countries. View the advocacy resource
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Just the Facts: IVF Policy Priorities

ASRM advocates for expanded IVF access, urging policy solutions that prioritize patient care, inclusivity, and medical decision-making free from political interference. View the advocacy resource
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Hormonal Induction of Endometrial Receptivity for Fresh or Frozen Embryo Transfer​

Explore Dr. Paulson's insights on endometrial receptivity and hormonal preparation in IVF, egg donation, and surrogacy, highlighting estrogen and progesterone roles. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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The use of preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy: a committee opinion (2024)

PGT-A use in the U.S. is rising, but its value as a routine IVF screening test is unclear, with mixed results from various studies. View the Committee Opinion
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Journal Club Global from ANZSREI 2024: Debate Unexplained infertility; Straight to IVF?

ANZSREI 2024 debate: Should unexplained infertility go straight to IVF? Experts discuss pros, cons, and alternative treatments. No clear consensus reached. View the Video
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Who to bill for gestational carrier services if intended parents have insurance?

I wanted to inquire about guidelines for billing services to a surrogate’s insurance company if intended parents purchased the insurance coverage.  View the Answer
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Performing MD is not the Doctor of Record

Currently we are billing the performing provider as the service provider and the Doctor of Record as the billing provider. View the Answer
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Journal Club Global: Oral Progestin For Ovulation Suppression During IVF

Live broadcast from the 2024 Midwest Reproductive Symposium
International in Chicago, IL View the Video
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Billing for assisted hatching at biopsy and transfer

We would also like to know if you can bill assisted hatching with biopsy and then assisted hatching again during the transfer cycle. View the Answer
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What support for IVF looks like

Bipartisan support for IVF, that is responsible for the birth of over 2% of all babies born in the USA each year, will ensure that families continue to grow. View the advocacy resource
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It takes more than one

Why IVF patients often need multiple embryos to have a baby View the advocacy resource
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Oversight of IVF in the US

In the US, medical care is regulated by a complex and comprehensive network of federal and state regulations and professional oversight. View the advocacy resource
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Financial ‘‘risk-sharing’’ or refund programs in assisted reproduction: an Ethics Committee opinion (2023)

Financial ‘‘risk-sharing’’ fee structures in programs charge patients a higher initial fee but provide reduced fees for subsequent cycles. View the Committee Document
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Prevention of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a guideline (2023)

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a serious complication associated with assisted reproductive technology. View the guideline
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Billing IVF lab work

We typically bill our IVF Lab work under the rendering provider who performs the VOR. Who should be the supervising provider for embryology billing? View the Answer
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IVF Lab Automation

Automation in IVF labs is progressing, focusing on cryopreservation, dish prep, and data integration. Challenges remain in standardizing processes and material safety. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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Journal Club Global: IVM in Clinical Practice: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?

In vitro maturation (IVM) has the potential to make IVF cheaper, safer, and more widely accessible to patients with infertility. View the Video
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Limited ultrasound performed by RN

Would it be appropriate to bill a 99211 when an RN is doing a limited ultrasound and documenting findings during an IUI or IVF treatment cycle? View the Answer
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CPT 89253 and 89254 for Assisted hatching

Can I bill CPT codes 89253 and 89254 together? If yes, do I need a modifier on any of the codes? View the Answer
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IVF cycle management and facility fees, an overview

How should IVF Cycle Management be coded?  View the Answer
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Journal Club Global - What is the optimal number of oocytes to reach a live-birth following IVF?

The optimal number of oocytes necessary to expect a live birth following in vitro fertilization remains unclear. View the Video
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Patient Education

What is the correct way to bill for the patient education sessions performed by registered nurses to individual patients prior to their IVF cycle? View the Answer
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Pregnancy Ultrasound

Our practice does routine ultrasounds (sac check- 76817) at the end of an IVF cycle and bill with a diagnosis code O09.081, pregnancy resulting from ART.  View the Answer
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In Vitro Maturation

Have CPT codes been established for maturation in vitro? View the Answer
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IUI or IVF

Should other ovarian dysfunction (diagnosis code E28.8) or unspecified ovarian dysfunction (diagnosis code E28.9) can be used for an IUI or an IVF cycle View the Answer
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IV Fluids During Egg Retrieval

Is it appropriate to bill the insurance company for CPT 96360, Under Hydration Infusion when being used in conjunction with IVF retrieval? View the Answer
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IVF Billing Forms

I am seeking information on IVF insurance billing guidelines.  View the Answer
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IVF Billing Globally

Am I correct in assuming that it is duplicate billing for both the ambulatory center and embryology laboratory to bill globally? View the Answer
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IVF Billing of Professional Charges

Are we allowed to bill professional charges under the physician for the embryologist who performs the IVF laboratory services? View the Answer
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IVF Case Rates

What ICD-10 codes apply to case rates? View the Answer
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IVF Consent Counseling

When a patient is scheduled to undergo IVF and the provider schedules the patient for a 30-minute consultation is this visit billable? View the Answer
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Lab Case Rates

What ICD-10 codes apply to case rates? View the Answer
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Oocyte Denudation

Is there is a separate code for denudation of oocytes?  View the Answer
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Ovulation Induction Monitoring for IUI

We would like to clarify the correct ICD 10 diagnosis code for monitoring of an IUI cycle.  View the Answer
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Endometrial Biopsy/Scratch

What CPT code should be used for a “scratch test”?  View the Answer
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Endometriosis and Infertility

For treatment like IVF would we bill with N97.x first or an endometriosis diagnosis? View the Answer
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Follicle Monitoring For Diminished Ovarian Reserve

If a patient has decreased ovarian reserve (ICD-10 E28.8) and patient is undergoing follicle tracking to undergo either an IUI cycle or IVF cycle... View the Answer
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Global Billing Vs Billing Under Provider

For an IVF cycle (that is not being billed global to an insurance plan) is it appropriate to bill the charges under one “global” provider? View the Answer
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Donor Embryos

Could you give guidance for the correct ICD-10 code(s) to use when a patient is doing an Anonymous Donor Embryo Transfer cycle? View the Answer
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Egg Culture and Fertilization

We are billing for the technical component of 89250 and would like to also bill a professional component of the 89250. View the Answer
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Egg Culture and Fertilization: Same Gender

A same-sex male couple requested half their donor eggs be fertilized with sperm from male #1 and the other half fertilized from male #2. View the Answer
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Diagnosis of Infertility for IVF Procedure

How important is it to have accurate documentation of the type of infertility diagnosis for IVF procedures?  View the Answer
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Journal Club Global: Natural versus Programmed FET Cycles

A significant portion of IVF cycles now utilize frozen embryo transfer.
View the Video
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Role of assisted hatching in in vitro fertilization: a guideline (2022)

There is moderate evidence that assisted hatching does not significantly improve live birth rates in fresh assisted reproductive technology cycles View the Committee Opinion
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Journal Club Global - Best Practices of High Performing ART Clinics

This Fertility and Sterility Journal Club Global discusses February’s seminal article, “Common practices among consistently high-performing in vitro fertilization programs in the United States: a 10 year update.” View the Video
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Guidance on the limits to the number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion (2021)

ASRM's guidelines for the limits on the number of embryos to be transferred during IVF cycles have been further refined ... View the Committee Opinion
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Journal Club Global Live from India - Adjuvants in IVF and IVF Add-Ons for the Endometrium

Many adjuvants have been utilized by IVF centers to improve their success rates. View the Video
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Evidence-based outcomes after oocyte cryopreservation for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline (2021)

A review of oocyte cryopreservatino for donor oocyte IVF  and planned oocyte cryopreservation success rates, factors that may impact success rates, and  outcomes. View the Committee Opinion
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Development of an emergency plan for in vitro fertilization programs: a committee opinion (2021)

All IVF programs and clinics should have a plan to protect fresh and cryopreserved human specimens (embryos, oocytes, sperm). View the Committee Opinion
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In vitro maturation: a committee opinion (2021)

The results of in vitro maturation (IVM) investigations suggest the potential for wider clinical application.  View the Committee Opinion
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Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile: an Ethics Committee opinion (2019)

The Ethics Committee recommends that in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers develop patient-centered policies regarding requests for futile treatment.  View the Committee Opinion
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Blastocyst culture and transfer in clinically assisted reproduction: a committee opinion (2018)

The purposes of this document is to review the literature regarding the clinical application of blastocyst transfer. View the Committee Opinion
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The role of immunotherapy in in vitro fertilization: a guideline (2018)

Adjuvant immunotherapy treatments in in vitro fertilization (IVF) aim to improve the outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in both the general ART population as well as subgroups such as patients with recurrent miscarriage or implantation failure. View the Committee Opinion
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Comparison of pregnancy rates for poor responders using IVF with mild ovarian stimulation versus conventional IVF: a guideline (2018)

Mild-stimulation protocols with in vitro fertilization (IVF) generally aim to use less medication than conventional IVF. View the Guideline
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Performing the embryo transfer: a guideline (2017)

A systematic review of the literature was conducted which examined each of the major steps of embryo transfer. Recommendations made for improving pregnancy rates are based on interventions demonstrated to be either beneficial or not beneficial. (Fertil Steril® 2017;107:882–96. ©2017 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) View the Committee Guideline
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Best practices of ASRM and ESHRE: a journey through reproductive medicine (2012)

ASRM and ESHRE are the two largest societies in the world whose members comprise the major experts and professionals working in reproductive medicine. View the Committee Joint Guideline
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In Vitro Maturation Special Interest Group (IVMSIG)

IVMSIG strives to define the best strategies to optimize IVM outcomes. Learn more about IVMSIG

Topic Resources

View more on the topic of genetic screening/testing
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Journal Club Global en Español: AAMR 2025

Experts discuss chaotic embryo classification, PGT-A rebiopsy outcomes, embryo quality, biopsy techniques, and transfer protocols for mosaic embryos. View the Video
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: August 2025

Fertility and Sterility marks 75 years with debates on PGT-A, Dobbs impacts, ART risks, contraception trends, and advances shaping reproductive medicine. Listen to the Episode
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Journal Club Global LIVE at MRSi 2025: Sibling Oocyte Studies in ART

Experts discuss sibling oocyte trials, PIEZO-ICSI, and microfluidics in ART, evaluating outcomes, design limits, lab impact, and clinical implications. View the Video
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Unlocking the Future of IVF: Navigating the Complex World of IVF Genomics

Explore the rise of IVF genomics, from PGT-A to WGS and polygenic risk scores, with insights on ethics, costs, and future implications for embryo screening. Read the Blog post
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Live from the PCRS 2025 Annual Meeting

Explore cutting-edge fertility research from PCRS 2025—PGT-A, embryo screening, cost-effective protocols, and gamete storage breakthroughs. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Season Three Reflection

Explore genetics in reproduction, IVF, aging, and ethics with ASRM Today. Discover how DNA research is shaping medicine, identity, and the future. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics Bonus Episode - Inclusive Family History Project

Explore how inclusive family histories improve healthcare for donor-conceived and adopted individuals with new EHR standards and provider education tools. Listen to the Episode
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: June 2025

Stay updated on global reproductive medicine with Fertility & Sterility On Air—insights, debates, and journal highlights hosted by leading experts. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Nine

Explore ethics, identity, and humanity in a dystopian love story as ASRM Today discusses Never Let Me Go through the lens of genetics and reproduction. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Eight

Explore ethical considerations in embryo transfer, PGTM, and genetic testing with Dr. Sigal Klipstein on ASRM Today’s genetics-focused podcast episode. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Seven

Dr. Elizabeth Ginsburg discusses PGTA, its benefits, limitations, and proper use in IVF based on age, ovarian reserve, and embryo quality on ASRM Today. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Six

Explore how genetics may unlock the secrets to longevity, reverse aging, and extend life through telomeres, gene therapy, and cellular reprogramming. Listen to the Episode
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - TOC: May 2025

Explore new fertility research on IVF triggers, thyroid autoimmunity, prednisone use, and genetic impacts in this expert-led review of May 2025’s F&S journal. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Five

Explore how personalized medicine is transforming reproductive healthcare, from IVF optimization to ethical issues in genetic testing and AI-driven care. Listen to the Episode
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Fertility and Sterility On Air - Best of ASRM and ESHRE 2025

Experts explore recurrent pregnancy loss, embryo testing, IVF mental health, and stem cell banking at ASRM–ESHRE 2025. Insights from leading fertility voices. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Four

Explore how genetics shapes agriculture and reproductive medicine, from GMOs to CRISPR and lab-grown meat, in this ASRM Today podcast episode. Listen to the Episode
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Transfer of embryos affected by monogenic conditions: an Ethics Committee Opinion (2025)

Patient requests to transfer embryos with serious monogenic disorders detected in preimplantation testing are rare; this opinion discusses physician responses. View the Committee Opinion
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Three

Explore how genetic mutations cause disease, and discover breakthroughs in gene therapy like CRISPR offering hope for treating conditions like cystic fibrosis. Listen to the Episode
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ASRM Today: Genetics - Episode Two

Explore the nature vs. nurture debate, epigenetics, and how genetics and environment shape behavior, personality, and modern precision medicine. Listen to the Episode
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Journal Club Global: Embriões mosaicos ao Teste Genético Pré-Implantacional para Aneuploidia (PGT-A): o que fazer?

Discutiremos embriões mosaicos ao teste genético pré-implantacional para aneuploidia (PGT-A) View the Video
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Journal Global Club From TSRM 2024: Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Explore the effectiveness of PGT-A in managing unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss, featuring systematic review findings, insights on miscarriage risks, and live birth rates. View the Video
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Genetics: Counseling Fertility Couples About Their Evaluation

Caitlin Hebert discusses fertility counseling, the importance of carrier screening, and overcoming barriers for patients while highlighting the role of genetic counseling. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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Use of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic adult-onset conditions: an Ethics Committee opinion (2024)

Preimplantation genetic testing for adult-onset monogenic diseases is ethically allowed when fully penetrant or conferring disease predisposition. View the Committee Opinion
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Codes for Embryo Biopsy

When doing a preimplantation genetic test (PGT) biopsy, can you bill for each day a biopsy is performed or can you only bill once for the cycle? View the Answer
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Journal Club Global: Recent clinical trials in Fertility and Sterility from the Asia Pacific region

Join ASPIRE 2024 for a Journal Club Global on PGT-A and IVF. Learn from top experts discussing recent clinical trial data and pregnancy outcomes View the Video
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Coding for an endometrial biopsy/Mock cycle

We had patients request us to bill their insurance for the two monitoring visits and the Endo BX and change the diagnosis code to something that is payable.  View the Answer
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Journal Club Global: Cost effectiveness analyses of PGT-A

Infertility treatments can be financially burdensome, often without insurance coverage, making understanding the cost effectiveness of PGT-A crucial. View the Video
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Coding PGT requisitions to the PGT lab

Do you have any recommended codes to use for PGT requisitions to the PGT lab?   View the Answer
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Genetics: Is Expanded Carrier Screening the Standard of Care?

Hannah Green, a genetic counselor at NYU, discusses the benefits and limitations of expanded carrier screening, highlighting its impact on clinical practice and patient care. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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Genetics - Extra Testing, Passthrough or Money Maker?

Danielle Soltesz of RMA New York discusses the complex economics and ethical considerations of genetic testing in reproductive medicine, exploring costs, patient care, and sustainability. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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Clinical management of mosaic results from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy of blastocysts: a committee opinion (2023)

This document incorporates studies about mosaic embryo transfer and provides evidence-based considerations for embryos with mosaic results on PGT-A. View the Committee Opinion
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Journal Club Global - Revisiting the STAR trial: The Fellows debate PGT-A

We are excited to host a debate covering the pros and cons of PGT-A and how new technologies should be validated before clinical implementation. View the Video
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Indications and management of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic conditions: a committee opinion (2023)

ASRM has updated its opinion on PGT for monogenic conditions, providing guidance on clinical and technical complexities. View the Committee Opinion
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Results Review

What CPT code is most appropriate to submit for Physician Time to review CCS/PGS/PGD results? View the Answer
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Sperm DNA Fragmentation

Is there a CPT code for HALO DNA Fragmentation for sperm? View the Answer
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ICSI and Embryo Biopsy

How to bill for ICSI or embryo biopsies that occur in different days?  View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy

Have any new codes been introduced for the lab portion of PGT? View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy Embryologist Travel Costs

Can we bill insurance for the biopsy procedure? Can we bill for travel expenses? View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy PGS Testing

What codes are appropriate for PGS testing? View the Answer
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Genetic Counseling

Does ASRM have any guidance for how to bill for genetic counseling services provided by a genetic counselor?
View the Answer
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Assisted Zona Hatching

Can assisted hatching and embryo biopsy for PGT-A; PGT-M or PGT-SR be billed during the same cycle? View the Answer
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Journal Club Global - PGT-A - Can non-invasive approaches based on spent medium analysis

PGT-A by trophectoderm biopsy aims to select available euploid embryos for transfer. View the Video
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ASRM müllerian anomalies classification 2021

The Task Force set goals for a new classification and chose to base it on the iconic AFS classification from 1988 because of its simplicity and recognizability. View the Committee Opinion
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Journal Club Global - Accuracy of Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidies

One of the highest aspirations in reproductive medicine is to develop a technology allowing for ID of embryos that have true reproductive potential.
View the Video
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Reproductive and hormonal considerations in women at increased risk for hereditary gynecologic cancers: Society of Gynecologic Oncology and American Society for Reproductive Medicine Evidence-Based Review (2019)

Providers who care for women at risk for hereditary gynecologic cancers must consider the impact of these conditions. View the Joint Statement
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Disclosure of sex when incidentally revealed as part of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT): an Ethics Committee opinion (2018)

Clinics may develop a policy to disallow selecting which embryos to transfer based on sex and choose to use only embryo quality as selection criteria. View the Committee Opinion
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Best practices of ASRM and ESHRE: a journey through reproductive medicine (2012)

ASRM and ESHRE are the two largest societies in the world whose members comprise the major experts and professionals working in reproductive medicine. View the Committee Joint Guideline
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Preimplantation Genetic Testing Special Interest Group (PGTSIG)

The ASRM PGTSIG coordinates research, education, and training in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGT). Learn more about the PGTSIG

Topic Resources

View more on the topic of embryo
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Journal Club Global en Español: AAMR 2025

Experts discuss chaotic embryo classification, PGT-A rebiopsy outcomes, embryo quality, biopsy techniques, and transfer protocols for mosaic embryos. View the Video
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Transfer of embryos affected by monogenic conditions: an Ethics Committee Opinion (2025)

Patient requests to transfer embryos with serious monogenic disorders detected in preimplantation testing are rare; this opinion discusses physician responses. View the Committee Opinion
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Disclosure of medical errors and untoward events involving gametes and embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion (2024)

Medical providers have an ethical duty to disclose clinically significant errors involving gametes and embryos. View the Committee Opinion
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How to bill for an FET

Is there a new update to the 89272 code that allows its use without View the Answer
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Codes for Embryo Biopsy

When doing a preimplantation genetic test (PGT) biopsy, can you bill for each day a biopsy is performed or can you only bill once for the cycle? View the Answer
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Billing for assisted hatching at biopsy and transfer

We would also like to know if you can bill assisted hatching with biopsy and then assisted hatching again during the transfer cycle. View the Answer
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Shipping of frozen embryos

I have some infertility coverage, under which my insurance said they will cover frozen embryo shipping/transport from one facility to another.  View the Answer
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Clinical management of mosaic results from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy of blastocysts: a committee opinion (2023)

This document incorporates studies about mosaic embryo transfer and provides evidence-based considerations for embryos with mosaic results on PGT-A. View the Committee Opinion
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How to EDGE

Explore the ASRM EDGE tool for embryo grading. Learn grading steps, view dashboards, and assign blastocyst grades using the SART and Gardner scales in ASRM Academy. View the ASRMed Talk Video
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Journal Club Global: Transferencia de embriones frescos versus congelados: ¿Cuál es la mejor opción

Los resultados de nuevas técnicas de investigación clínica que utilizan información de bancos nacionales de vigilancia médica.   View the Video
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Defining embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion (2023)

The ethical appropriateness of patients donating embryos to other patients for  family building, or for research, is well established.
View the Committee Opinion
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Does the number of eggs being frozen matter?

There is currently only one CPT code for the cryopreservation of mature oocytes and embryos.  View the Answer
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Reproductive Tissue Storage

What are the CPT codes for the Storage of Reproductive Cells/Tissues? View the Answer
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ICSI and Embryo Biopsy

How to bill for ICSI or embryo biopsies that occur in different days?  View the Answer
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Lab RVUs

Is there a list of RVUs for embryology and andrology laboratory procedures, and if so, where can it be found? View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy

Have any new codes been introduced for the lab portion of PGT? View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy Embryologist Travel Costs

Can we bill insurance for the biopsy procedure? Can we bill for travel expenses? View the Answer
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Embryo Biopsy PGS Testing

What codes are appropriate for PGS testing? View the Answer
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Embryo Culture Denied As Experimental

We have received denials from insurance payers when billing CPT code 89251.  View the Answer
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Embryo Culture Less Than And More Than Four Days

When coding 89250 culture of oocytes/embryo <4 days, should that code be submitted to the insurance company for each of the days? View the Answer
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Embryo Freezing/Thawing

Our question refers to the CPT code 89258 “Cryopreservation; Embryo(s)” and 89352 “Thawing of Cryopreserved; Embryo”.  View the Answer
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Embryo Storage Fees For Multiple Cycles

We bill embryo storage 89342 for a year's storage.  View the Answer
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Embryo Thawing/Warming

Is it allowable to bill 89250 for the culture of embryos after thaw for a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle? View the Answer
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Gamete Thawing/Warming

Can patients be charged for each vial/straw of reproductive gametes or tissues thawed? View the Answer
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D&C Under Ultrasound Guidance

What are the CPT codes and ICD-10 codes for coding a surgical case for a patient with history of Stage B adenocarcinoma of the cervix ... View the Answer
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Assisted Hatching Billed With Embryo Biopsy

Do you know if both assisted hatching (89253) and embryo biopsy for PGS/PGD/CCS (89290/89291) can be billed during the same cycle?  View the Answer
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Assisted Zona Hatching

Can assisted hatching and embryo biopsy for PGT-A; PGT-M or PGT-SR be billed during the same cycle? View the Answer
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Billing For Cryopreservation Of Embryos Under The Male Partner

Can 89258 be billed under the male partner of a female patient? View the Answer
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Embryo Transfer

A summary of Embryo Transfer codes collected by the ASRM Coding Committee View the Coding Summary
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Journal Club Global: Is PGT-P cutting edge or should we cut it out?

PGT for polygenic risk scoring (PGT-P) is a novel screening strategy of embryos for polygenic conditions and traits. View the Video
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Disposition of unclaimed embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion (2021)

Programs should create and enforce written policies addressing the designation, retention, and disposal of unclaimed embryos. View the Committee Opinion
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A review of best practices of rapid-cooling vitrification for oocytes and embryos: a committee opinion (2021)

The focus of this paper is to review best practices for rapid-cooling cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos. View the Committee Opinion
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Ethics in embryo research: a position statement by the ASRM Ethics in Embryo Research Task Force and the ASRM Ethics Committee (2020)

Scientific research using human embryos advances human health and offspring well-being and provides vital insights into the mechanisms for reproduction. View the Committee Opinion
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Guidance for Providers Caring for Women and Men Of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure (Updated 2019)

This ASRM guidance specifically addresses Zika virus infection issues and concerns of individuals undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART). View the Guideline
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Blastocyst culture and transfer in clinically assisted reproduction: a committee opinion (2018)

The purposes of this document is to review the literature regarding the clinical application of blastocyst transfer. View the Committee Opinion
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Posthumous retrieval and use of gametes or embryos: an Ethics Committee opinion (2018)

Posthumous gamete retrieval or use is ethically justifiable if written documentation from the deceased authorizing the procedure is available. View the Committee Opinion
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Recommended practices for the management of embryology, andrology, and endocrinology laboratories: a committee opinion (2014)

A general overview for good management practices within the endocrinology, andrology, and embryology laboratories in the United States. View the Recommendation
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ASRM EDGE Tool

Get the EDGE on your fellow Embryologists! As the grading of embryos varies within IVF laboratories and between laboratories, EDGE allows you to compare yourself against embryologists in the US and around the world. Learn more about the EDGE Tool